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Education Finance

At CRPE, our previous finance research centered on how funding systems could support the growth of charter schools and portfolio-style governance, with a strong emphasis on equity, transparency, and flexibility in resource allocation. We examined how traditional formulas often disadvantaged schools of choice and studied weighted or student-based funding models that might better match dollars to student needs.

Today, our focus has shifted to how education finance can help schools recover and adapt in the face of disruption. We study how pandemic-era funding was used, what lessons districts learned, and how the expiration of those funds creates new fiscal challenges. We also examine how shifting federal priorities—such as efforts to scale back or restructure education funding—affect schools’ capacity to innovate, sustain supports, and equitably serve all students. Across this evolution, our commitment remains the same: to understand how funding systems can be designed to meet student needs while enabling schools to respond to change.

  • Research Reports    

School Finance Systems and Their Responsiveness to Performance Pressures: A Case Study of North Carolina

Janet S. Hansen, Gina S. Ikemoto, Julie Marsh, Heather Barney

New accountability systems require that states and districts accomplish something never accomplished before—ensuring that all students meet state standards. This report explores how these expectations have altered resource decisions in North Carolina.

  • Research Reports    

How the Federal Government Shapes and Distorts the Financing of K-12 Schools

Christopher T. Cross, Marguerite Roza

This paper examines the categorical program strategy by which the federal government and most states try to target extra funds for particular purposes.

  • Research Reports    

Paying for School Finance Adequacy With the National Average Expenditure Per Pupil

Allen R. Odden, Michael E. Goetz, Lawrence O. Picus

This working paper shows that many districts have accelerated student learning by reallocating funds to emphasize targeted assistance to students, fewer non-instructional burdens on teachers, greater use of instructional technology, coaching for teachers, and class size reduction targeted on core classes only.

  • Research Reports    

Making Resource Decisions Amidst Technical Uncertainty

James Guthrie, Paul Hill

This working paper paper suggests how a performance-driven system would allocate funds, monitor performance, search for more productive models of instruction, and replace less effective schools and programs.

  • Research Reports    

Conditions for Student Success: The Cycle of Continuous Instructional Improvement

Joanne Weiss

This paper explores how schools can seek “continuous improvement.”

  • Research Reports    

Creating the Political Conditions for Major Changes in School Finance Policy

Lorraine M. McDonnell

This paper asks whether significant changes in public education finance are politically feasible.

  • Research Reports    

Learning Science Meets School Finance: The How People Learn Framework as a Tool for Resource Decisions

Diana Sharp, John Bransford

In this paper, Diana Sharp and John Bransford show how the learning sciences can be applied to school finance.

  • Research Reports    

Improving Title I Funding Equity Across States, Districts, and Schools

Goodwin Liu

This report demonstrates that there are many promising alternative ways to allocate and use funds under Title I, the federal government’s largest K-12 funding program.

  • Research Reports    

School Finance Systems and Their Responsiveness to Performance Pressures: A Case Study of Texas

Janet S. Hansen, Julie Marsh, Gina S. Ikemoto, Heather Barney

New accountability systems require that states and districts accomplish something never accomplished before—ensuring that all students meet state standards. This report explores how these expectations have altered resource decisions in Texas.

  • Research Reports    

Out of the Box: Fundamental Change in School Funding

David Monk

How might money be used in a more productive system? This working paper imagines a public educational system in which it is possible to link benefits received with costs borne.

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